VIP delegations Procedures and Approach - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2764 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Public Relations Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Title: VIP delegations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" procedures and approach Contents VIP Delegation: Objectives: Methodology: Introduction: Gulf States Security and the Iranian Role in the Region: UAE Strategy of national security: Literature Review: Conclusion: Recommendations: References: VIP Delegation: In the current era one observes that apart from the national affairs that does take place within the precinct of the nation and its society, the international affairs happens to gain a stronger and more potent importance. In fact it can be well opined that in the current situation the external or the international affairs and developments and events tends to cast a very intent affect on the internal developments of a nation. In such a scenario we see that the nations must be well aware of at least certain plans and programs of each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s national agendas and must even cooperate with each other at certain points of time that will not juts effect international peace and security but will also eventually lead to the development and growth of the various nations within a geographical region. In fact we do observe that peaceful and friendly relations between two nations often foster great development economic, political and eventually social of the partner nations in the peace and prosperity alliance. To affect such a motive of intention we see that in the recent times the trend to VIP Delegations visiting foreign countries have been on an incline. In this case we see that just like many other political powers of the world (mondatosummit, 2015). The UAE and the other Arab countries are no different and are definitely not lagging behind in taking according steps to send their Delegates to other foreign nations and to entertain the foreign delegations of other international powers. In the current discussion we will be looking at and will be delving deep into this topic that unravels the importance of the VIP delegations visiting a particular nation and the various aspects that the host country must keep in mind while attending to their VIP Delegates, which will be discussed pertaining to the situation of the UAE (Barbera, 2011). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "VIP delegations Procedures and Approach" essay for you Create order Objectives: The opening of the article or the discussion reveals the central idea of the title theme of the article. It reflects clearly that the current discussion will be delving into the aspects of the importance and the various details o handling the VIP delegations that comes to any nation. This discussion will be approached with the nation UAE in the main perspective. However there are certain objectives of the article. Rather it could b said that there are certain points or facets a successful investigation of which quite obviously initiates the research. In this part of the discussion we will be listing the same: The importance of the VIP delegations that comes to visit the nation of the UAE from the perspective of the development of the nation. The role of the VIP Delegates in terms of the fostering international security and creating more friendlier bonds between the various nations. The political services and the attention that needs to be given by the host country to its VIP delegates who did come from the other nations in the quest of establishing some fruitful or profitable alliances. The different hospitality gestures and services that could be provided for a comfortable and enjoyable stay of the Delegates. Also through the scope of the discussion we will be taking a glimpse at the international relations and the security standards and condition that does prevail in the Middle East amongst the Arab countries. The article also discusses as one of its objective the various approaches and the investigation methods and means that have been chosen by the author to find the various facts and figures, data and information that has helped the author to establish his arguments and theories that has added dimension and depth to the said research. Methodology: The agenda of the VIP delegates that happens to be a global phenomenon is a topic that has often been researched into. In this case we see that several noted scholars have been into the depths and have tried to investigate the various aspects and the features and the benefits that must have triggered off this trend of VIP delegations visiting various nations and which again in the recent times have gained much importance and elaboration. In fact the global media in the contemporary times happens to be covered and over spilled with this issue that reveals every second day, which nation delegate did head for which international country and with what agenda in mind (Heaton, 1998). Hence in the current times we see that all the possible channels of media such as the newspaper, the updates on radio and television news and the internet web world is flooded with information that reflects on the benefits of the VIP delegates visiting the various nations. Hence in this case we can opine tha t since the foreign delegates or the national authorities who happen to be tending to the VIP delegates are very busy people and hence could be quite difficult to contact. Hence instead of interviewing of the concerned people who are quite ace profile personalities, investigation into the existing literature on the said topic will provide for the adequate information and the data that will be required to construct the said research framework. Hence the secondary information data is of crucial importance to the author of the research (Skretting, 2014). Introduction: Most of the nations and the national powers in the modern era give a special attention to the activities and the attitudes o their neighboring countries. In fact we can say that this is a facet that is not just applicable to the current times when a global unity has come to rest as a major feature in all the aspects o politics, economy and the society. Even before this in the earlier days from the point of view of the political as well as the economic interest we see that the neighboring national powers did have a special importance. Once again right from the days of the kings and the dynasties we see that political representatives of one nation happens to visit the other nations with various agendas of which some were political, economic or social issues and concerns that both the kingdoms had to consult and think about in an union. This is a trend that is continuing even in the current times. We see that even in the modern age various political delegates visits other nations to d iscuss matters political, economic and social in nature which is required to be discussed by both the host nation and the nation from which the delegates have come. In the recent times we also see that the foreign delegates often comes down to visit their neighboring nations with various matters that are pertaining to the security of both the nations and their respective societies and also the matters of international security. Hence we see that special attention is to be given to all the aspects of the foreign delegates so that the diplomatic relations between the two nations are kept strong and secure and the VIP delegates are also facilitated in their efforts of accomplishing the determined objectives that had initiated their visit to the said nation (totalcompr, 2015). Gulf States Security and the Iranian Role in the Region: The Gulf is the region that is dominated by the Arab community. This community although id distinguished by various national borders and political sovereignties, nevertheless has a very long and old historical background that is rather religious in its nature. In this context we see that the Gulf is a region that has a seen a history where the national powers have often found themselves to have been drawn in a strife. Of the same the nation of Iran deserves a special mention. The Sunni Arab world has inherently found themselves at loggerheads with the Shiite Iranians and we see that there have been several occasions on which there has sprung up various hostilities between the two national and the religious sects. On the other hand we see that the various Arab nationalities also takes a special notice of the Nuclear power that rests with the nation of Iran on the strength of which Iran is one of the most recognizable national powers in the region at least in terms of military might. Other Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia dwell in a constant fear of alliance between the West and that of Iran which could put the rest of the Arab world in an obvious danger. Even in the Iran Iraq war we see that the rest of the Gulf powers had negated any help that could be possibly extended from the other parts of the western world or the western countries, where the political leaders of the Arab nationalities said that they are capable of sorting out their own problems and no intervention from the western powers are expected (al-monitor, 2014). UAE Strategy of national security: To maintain a perfectly safe and secure ambience in which the Arab world and the UAE could foster a well developed economy and national integrity the UAE government has got down to plan a certain and definite security program for the nation and the entire geographical region for that matter. In this perspective the UAE says that they look forward to the development and integration of the military might of the nation and also the government of the United Arab Emirates looks forward to a joint collaboration between the interstate, international and inter governmental units. Further the political leaders have designed that this inter and intra regional cooperation will help the nation of UAE and the entire gulf region to be better prepared against any possible foreign attack (ISHR, 2013, February 14). In this context we also see that the UAE did point out that in the earlier times the nation of the Emirates were not strong enough to protect themselves as a result of which we see that he western powers such as the UK and the USA had to intervene for the protection of the UAE and the other Arab countries. However, this has to change in the future and the UAE and the rest of the Arab countries had to become self dependant and strong in terms of protecting themselves. In the perspective of the nation of Iran UAE tries to maintain a peaceful and harmonious relation with the nation and also the other nations such as the Saudi Arabia with whom again the UAE had a history of strife and struggle (Salama, 2015). Literature Review: In this section we will be looking at the various incidents and events when foreign delegates did come to the UAE for various purposes and interest. The Gulf News on the 12th of April 2015 did flash the news that two VIP delegations came to the jebel Ali Free Zone or the Jafza. The delegation comprised of senior trade development officials and the business men from Thailand and the Philippines. In the meeting it was recorded that warm greetings were recorded and that great future for bilateral trade between Jafza and Thailand and Philippines was expressed and assured. In this case the reporter Adelle Geromino did mention that the non oil trade between Jafza and that of Thailand had already seen a 30% increase to what is was in the previous year. The possibilities to establish business incubators were also expressed during the course of the day (Croucher, 2013). According to (Contorno, 2015) the foreign diplomats have a great role to play in the bilateral foreign trades between t wo countries. The leading daily newspaper even mentioned that the foreign diplomats should adopt a proactive role in finding out about the market trends of the country and also zero down on the export potential of the home country to the host country. These are the information that they need to share with the industries of the home country so that the maximum profit could be generated for the home country. Conclusion: On a concluding note it could be said that the role of the foreign delegates in the path of the progress of the home and the host country is quite indomitable. The VIP delegates play a very important role in the fostering of friendly and cordial relations between two countries. In this case we also see that the VIP delegates are the personalities who along with them bring about an opportunity for an overall development of both the host and the home countries. Not only can the element of political peace and prosperity could be secured and an beneficial political alliance between the governments of the two nations could be effected that will make both then nations strong but at the same time w se that the delegates can also open new avenues for the economic and the social developments of both the nations. Once again we see that the VIP delegations also often has the potential to settle some of the most irking issues of national and international safety and security. In addition to th e same we see that the culture and the prestige of the host country get amply multiplied. In the case of the UAE we see that the nation is one of the most developed nations of the world and that the nation has a greatly developed economy and are also a very modern nation in its nature and essence. The arrival of the VIP delegations happens to open new and great economic possibilities for the country that since ages happens to foster an open door policy for commerce and trade. Once again we see the VIP delegations also open new channels for establishing peace and prosperity with the other nations of the Gulf. Hence the role of the VIP delegates the development of the nation stand quite imperative. Recommendations: Following are the recommendations that could be made for the nation of UAE who could use the suggestions to serve their delegates better: The host nation could keep a very minute detailed record of the likes and dislikes of the delegates and also their personal preferences. In this case we see that often such personalized touches of hospitality leaves the guests very much happy and they feel cared about. This again gives a very positive reflection of the hospitality standards of the host nation. The VIP delegates could be helped to get an inner insight into the culture and social aspects of the nation that could help the host nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s vices and again the guests could feel culturally enriched. Once again we see those facilities such as immediate flights, planned tours, great traveling facilities personal guides and other aspects that would make their stay, comfortable, enjoyable and memorable. Once again constant medical facilities as and when required could again enhance the services of the host country, such as UAE in this case. The authorities must be careful about the fact that the VIP delegates must be having their times carefully planned so that they get to meet all the required key persons meeting who would be required for the success of the visit of the VIP Delegates. References: al-monitor. (2014, April 09). oman iran gcc saudi security economy gulf. Retrieved from al-monitor: https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/oman-iran-gcc-saudi-security-economy-gulf.html Barbera, M. (2011). VIP delegation: Enabling VIPs to offload data in wireless social mobile networks. Retrieved from ieee: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=arnumber=5982141url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5982141 Contorno, t. (2015, February 26). Conservative group claims Hillary Clintons foundation took millions from foreign governments. Retrieved from politifact: https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/feb/26/american-crossroads/conservative-group-claims-hillary-clintons-foundat/ Croucher, M. (2013, October 24). The wait begins as Expo delegates complete Dubaià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s bidding process. Retrieved from thenational: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/tourism/the-wait-begins-as-expo-delegates-complete-dubais-bidding-proce ss Salama, S. (2015, January 05). UAE National Service draft strategy announced. Retrieved from gulfnews: https://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/uae-national-service-draft-strategy-announced-1.1436430 Skretting, H. (2014, August 28). VIP Delegation Visiting Program for ONS2014. Retrieved from intsok: https://www.intsok.com/Market-info/Markets/Norway/Events/VIP-Delegation-Visiting-Program-for-ONS2014 totalcompr. (2015, April 14). ROSEWOOD HOSTS TOP DELEGATION . Retrieved from totalcompr: https://www.totalcompr.com/total-com-media/latest-news/item/1023-rosewood-jeddah-hosts-government-and-vip-delegation.html Heaton, J. (1998). Secondary analysis of qualitative data. Journal Of Social Research, 1(22). Retrieved from https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU22.html ISHR. (2013, February 14). Expert views on the Vienna Declaration Programme of Action + 20 See more at: https://www.ishr.ch/news/expert-views-vienna-declaration-programme-action-20#sthash.ECS78CAu.dpuf. Retrieved fr om ishr: https://www.ishr.ch/news/expert-views-vienna-declaration-programme-action-20 mondatosummit. (2015, January 29). Terms and Conditions for Conference Delegate AND VIP Passes and Summit Awards. Retrieved from mondatosummit: https://www.mondatosummit.com/terms-and-conditions-for-conference-delegate-passes-and-summit-awards/

Historical Analogy of the First and Second Continental...

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The management team at Aldus Corporation Free Essays

The management team at Aldus Corporation was considering a possible reorganization of its existing marketing strategies in order to suit the needs of the market more effectively. Initially, the success of the product had been based on strategic alliances with large corporations such as Apple and IBM. These strategic alliances had facilitated access to a large distribution network. We will write a custom essay sample on The management team at Aldus Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The product’s marketing potential had also been enhanced through technical support which had helped both the business executive and the professional graphics designer to make the most of the software. However this was a single product strategy which was no longer viable because the needs of the two market segments were diverging. For example, the market segment that consisted of business executives required greater user-friendliness while the market segment that consisted of professional graphics designers required a greater range of functionalities. Therefore, the management team at Aldus had to formulate strategies that would enable the existing organizational structure at Aldus to customize PageMaker to a greater extent to the needs of both segments. Although the proposed reorganization presented several difficult challenges, it was a viable one in light of the fact that both consumer segments were critical to maintaining Aldus’s profit potential. How to cite The management team at Aldus Corporation, Essays

Global Financial Mechanisms Montreal Protocol †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Global Financial Mechanisms Montreal Protocol. Answer: Introduction International business defines the business activities, which involve cross-border transactions of goods and services between two or more than two countries. Due to liberation, open market and freedom of conducting business, most of the organizations are highly inclined towards operating business in international markets (Christiaens et al., 2015). In such situation, financial management is the most important aspect for every internal business organization. The success of an international business is highly dependent on effective international financial management. International financial management is extremely important for an international organization, which helps in trading and making money through exchange of foreign currency (Cremers et al., 2016). Proper international financial management assists in maintaining the international organization financially stable through properly dealing with different currency, different political situation, diversified opportunity and imperfec t markets. Such financial management also contributes in currency derivatives, multi-currency bonds, cross-border stock listing and international mutual funds. While considering the international financial management in New Zealand, it can be found that the organizations of this country are adopting several effective finance options for proper managing the financial status in international markets. Free trade agreement and open marker of business have encouraged the organizations in going beyond their domestic boundaries and operate internationally (Demir Bahadir, 2014). Moreover, the organizations of this country adopt alternative paths towards globalizing the cost and availability of capital. They often issue international bonds as debt investment for raising capital in operating international business. Apart from that, the organization also utilize equity listing for selling shares to public for managing their international financial status through raising capital from the foreign public for operating international business. On the other hand, the organizations often issue Euroequityin foreign markets for raising capital from the public . Such options help the international organizations of New Zealand in effective international financial management. This study will discuss the international financial management of Dantata, which is an automotive organization listed on both Australia as well as USA. Now, the organization is going to construct a new manufacturing plant in India. The study will evaluate and discuss various business finance options for the organization towards raising capital for constructing the new manufacturing plants. The study will also provide a critical risk analysis for the organization through sensitivities, foreign exchange and political risks associated with project execution. At last, the study will also provide some recommendation to the organization through SAMRT objectives towards effectively managing the international financial management for its new project in India. Business Finance Options Banking can be an effective option for Dantata for financing its new manufacturing plants in India. In India, the organization can get both options like working capital loans and funding. According to Alexander et al. (2014), in working capital loans, the Indian banking institutes offer loans for running one complete cycle of revenue generating operations. On the other hand, in funding option, the baking institutes of India allow the business organization to share their business plan, valuation of the business and project report for sanctioning the business loans. Therefore, Dantata can avail options for two of loan options for establishing their new manufacturing plant in India. Furthermore, Richards and van Staden, (2015) opined that one interesting driver for banking options in India is collateral free business loans offered by some banking institutes. Moreover, some Indian Lending business banks like HDFC, Baroda, Axis and ICICI have more than 7 to 8 different options for collate ral free business loans. In such options, Dantata can even get loan approval without sharing the inventory of the business. Stent et al. (2017) pointed out that with the developing economic condition of India, the business organizations can avail bank loans from the Indian banks even at less interest rate. Moreover, the average interest rate range for business loans in Indian banks is between 10%-20%. Therefore, Dantata cab avail adequate business loans with quite less interest rate. On the other hand, India is full of banking finance options, where numerous banks provide easy and flexible business loans options. Moreover, Dantata can easily avail business loans for new manufacturing plants from the Indian banks like State Bank of India, ICICI Bank, HDFC Bank, Kotak Business Loan, Tata Capital, Yes Bank and many more. Advantage and Disadvantage of Banking Option Martnez?Ferrero and Fras?Aceituno (2015) pointed out that banking loans are always available in Indian banks, as the banking institutes must need to keep their depositors money working and earn more interest than the banks pay to its depositors. Therefore, Dantata can avail their business loans for new manufacturing plants in India whenever required. On the other hand, Attig and Cleary (2014) opined that borrowing too much amount of business loans can lead to decreased cash flow for the business. In this way, it can hamper the business success of Dantata in Indian market. Furthermore, Jiang et al. (2013) opined that the interest generated in business bank loans is tax deductible. Therefore, it can help the organization in reducing overall organizational cost. Furthermore, in case of fix rate loan, the loan servicing payment remains same throughout the life of the loan. Therefore, it will become easy for Dantata towards calculating the budget for monthly loan payment. However, in orde r to get low cost loans, Dantata must have a good credit score, which can be challenging for it. After deciding on the type of banking loans required by the organization, it must know the scores of the business. Moreover, the organization will need to calculate credit score, time in business, debt to income, repot on industry risk and report on cash flow. After this, the organization will need to prepare the loan application package and submit to the concerned lending bank (Zhang Elmaghraby, 2014). The documents mostly required with the loan application form are detailed business plan, financial results and projection and tax return. Based on this information, the lending bank will sanction the specific business loan and sent a loan approval letter to the organization. The organization can soon avail the bank loans after receiving this loan approval letter. Equity financing can also be an efficient business financing option for Dantata in Indian market. In such financing option, organizations issue shares, which are mostly offered for sales towards raising share capital. Share is the indivisible unit of capital, which expresses the relationship between the shareholder and the corporation (Enqvist et al., 2014). Unlike repaying the invested amount of the shareholders, the organizations mostly share the amount of profit with shareholders in future. Therefore, the more Dantata will be able to sell its share to the investors, the more it will be able to raise finance for successfully running the new manufacturing plant in Indian market. According to Karadag (2015), India is considered to be a strong stock market, where stock prices are gradually rising and the confidence of the investors is also growing. The investors optimism is also associated with economic boom of Indian market, where the investors can easily expect profit of a particular industry. In this way, the positive sentiment of the investors has led to bull market in Indian stock market. Therefore, Dantata can easily sell huge share or stock to the investors for raising its share capital for new manufacturing plant in Indian market. On the other hand, Gerschewski and Xiao (2015) opined that wide industry growth of automobile market and growing economic condition of India can boost the equity financial options of an organization. The organization can also sell its share to the venture capitalists and angel investors for raising its share capital. National Stock Exchange represents 62% of the market capitalization in Indian stock market, which is around US $1.41 trillion (Zaman, 2017). Bombay Stock Exchange has also grabbed considered amount of Indian stock market, which can encourage Dantata for equity financing towards raining capital. Advantage and Disadvantage of Share and Stock Lantto (2014) pointed out that organizations have no obligation to make interest payment or repaying the equity to the initial investment of the investors. Unlike debt capital, equity capital does not require periodic interest payments and repaying to the borrowing money. Therefore, Dantata do not have to bother about repaying the investors. However, Kollmann, (2013) opined that with every share of stock, an organization reduce its ownership stake in its business. Therefore, Dantata can gradually lose the control on their business in such financing option. After analyzing the business funding needs, the organization can issue equity shares for sale to the public. It can issue its shares in Indian stock market both through Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange (Nielsen Roslender, 2015). After that, the organization can find the investors like venture capital, angel investors, business owners and event family and friends. Moreover, the organization will need to gain the confidence of the investors in a persuasive way through providing right valuation of the business. The organization will need to convince the investors through projected business growth and specific intent of capital. Furthermore, the organization can also require negotiating with the investors in regards to profit sharing in future. Private financing can be an effective business finance option for Dantata towards funding the new manufacturing plant in Indian market. The organization can successfully use this financial option in the crisis time, when it fails to get loan approval from major financial lending institutes. In such situation, the organization can easily avail business loans from private loan lenders of India. The parties of private loan lenders are even willing to advance unsecured private loans for running business. According to Bruton et al. (2015), the private loan lenders are emerging at a higher rate in Indian market. Moreover, most of the secure and reputed private loan lenders are established in the cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Chennai. Therefore, Dantata can easily avail private loans for private financing for their new manufacturing plant in India. Advantage and Disadvantage of Private Finance According to McLean and Zhao (2014), private financing options can be advantageous for business funding even in the crisis time, when it gets failed in availing bank loans or any loans from large financial institutes. Therefore, Dantata can definitely be assured upon this financing option for gathering business funding for their new manufacturing plants in Indian market. However, Al-Najjar (2013) opined that the unsecured business loans can lead to legal complication for an organization. Therefore, it can be risky for Dantata in terms of raising capital. In private finance, the organization will need to give loan application to the concerned private financing organization. Moreover, the organization requires qualifying the criteria set for getting loans from the private financing options. Based on the details of the business valuation, the private loan lending companies will sanction the application of the loans (Syriopoulos et al., 2015). In this way, Dantata will gather its business funding for its new manufacturing plant in India. Public deposit can be an extremely important option for Dantata for raising its capital for new manufacturing plant in India. In this business finance option, the organization can invite the shareholders, employees and even the general public towards depositing their saving in its business. Moreover, such financing option can be used for meeting the short-term and long-term financing needs of the organization. The investors in return get the interest generated from their deposited money. According to Boso et al. (2016), growing industrialization of automobile industry has increased the optimism of the depositors in this industry. Therefore, increasing confidence of depositors in Indian Market can drive the scope public finance for Dantata. On the other hand, Kroes and Manikas, (2014) opined that Indian public can avails much higher interest rate in the public deposit option than the banking interest. Therefore, there is a growing interest of public deposit among the Indian public. Th erefore, such growing interest of public towards public deposit can drive Dantata towards choosing this option as their business finance option for new manufacturing plant in India. According to Da Gbadji et al. (2015), organizations need to pay quite less interest rate to the depositors than it has to pay to the bank as banking interest. Furthermore, issuing public deposit is quite less expensive than issuing share to the public. Unlike equity finance, such option does not also provide any kind of ownership to the depositors. Dantata can gather adequate finance for its new manufacturing plant in India with less cost. However, Ramiah et al. (2014) opined that Indian government has fixed the public deposit period up to 3 years only. Therefore, this finance option can be available for shorter period for Dantata. Process Involved in Public Deposit The organization can invite any public, employee or shareholder for depositing their savings in their business. The members can easily fill up the fill up form and deposit money with the organization. The organization will in return issue a deposit receipt, which is an acknowledgement of debt by the organization. The rate of interest in public deposit will be dependent on the period on the deposit. The organization will be allowed to invite public deposit for only six months to 3 years period. However, the depositors can renew their deposit time to time. The organization will require setting aside 10% of deposit maturing by the end of year. Initial Public Offering can be an effective funding option for Dantata for raising capital in Indian market for the first time just after entering into the market. In such business finance option, the organization can offer its share to the public for the first time. The organization can avail adequate funding for its new manufacturing plants in India through selling their shares to the public for the first time. According to Sorrentino and Smarra (2015), the qualified institutional portion of public issue continues to be oversubscribed. It assures attractive return for the investors in future. Therefore, the organization can avail huge numbers of investors for raising large amount of funding for its new manufacturing company in Indian market. On the other hand, Enomoto et al. (2015) opined that Government initiatives of Indian towards divesting its holding in the public limited companies encourage the investors in investing in public limited companies. Therefore, the company will be able to raise adequate amount of funding for its new manufacturing plant through offering public shares initially. Moreover, the initial public offering activity has headed a record in India in this year. It has exceeded the target of USD 5 billion. Therefore, such trends and positive market sensitivity will also facilitate in encouraging the public towards purchasing the initial shares of the organization. Advantage and Disadvantage According to Razman (2015), in IPO, a publicly listed company can have large and diverse group of investors towards raising capital. It can also provide the organizations a lower cost of capital. Furthermore, unlike other finance options, IPO can help an organization beyond just raising fund and increase it towards increasing its exposure, public image and prestige to the public. Therefore, Dantata can successfully use this finance option for raising its capital for new manufacturing plant in India and enhance its public image to public. However, Tseng et al. (2015) opined that IPO can lead to increased risk of legal and regulatory issues in terms of listing in government list of the country. Furthermore, the funding may not be raised, if the price of IPO is not accepted by the public. While considering the process of IPO, the organization fist has to be listed in the government list of India for issues Initial Public Offering. The issuers mostly obtain assistance of an underwriting firm towards determining the types of security, best pricing and the amount of shares to be issued and the best time issue share in the market. The financial statements of the organization are submitted for official audit towards getting approval of issuing shares to the public (Islam et al., 2015). Merger and acquisition can an extremely important business finance option for Dantata towards raising capital for its new manufacturing plant in India. Moreover, the organization can be merged with any reputed automobile company in India for getting shared access the vital resources of the merged companies (Allen et al., 2014). Moreover, the organization will have the authority to use the financial funding of the merged company. Therefore, in merging option, the organization can realize higher revenue than if it operates separately in Indian market. According to Terjesen et al. (2016), the international investors and business houses are expecting India with a hope of tremendous growth. Moreover, the ease of foreign direct investment can also encourage the company in opting for merger finance option for its new manufacturing plant. On the other hand, the organization can also raise its capital through acquisition financing. In such financing option, the organization can get access to the financial funding of the acquired firms for operating new manufacturing plant. Cheng (2015) pointed out that there are several Indian companies, which need has great potential to grow. Such companies may drive Dantata towards taking over those potentially growing companies towards raising capital for their new manufacturing plant. Furthermore, the growing value of merger and acquisition in India encourage the organization towards opting for this option towards raising capital. Advantage and Disadvantage of Merger and Acquisition According to Fraser et al. (2015) merger finance option can assist an organization towards utilizing the financial resources of the merged company. Moreover, it can be the best option for penetrating foreign market with having huge market knowledge. On the other hand, Baos-Caballero et al. (2014) opined that acquisition option assist an organization towards raising huge capital of acquired company and getting expanded market reach. However, Razman (2015) opined that the new company after merger and acquisition may experience diseconomies of scale because of its increased size. While considering the process involved in merger and acquisition, the organization needs to develop merger and acquisition strategy. After that, the organization needs to set the criteria for merger and acquisition and search for target. In the next process, the organization requires to perform value analysis and negotiation with the target company for planning the merger and acquisition. After all these, the organization needs a due diligence for ensuring the financial position of the target company and purchase and sale contacts towards framing financial strategy. Dantata can also opt for issuing Eurobond for raising adequate capital for constructing new manufacturing plant in India. Eurobond is actually denominated in a foreign currency and not in home currency. The issuance of the bond is usually handled by international financial institution for the borrowers. In such business finance option, the Dantata can issue bonds in the Australia or USA, but the denomination of the bond will be in Indian currency. Moreover, the organization will invite the people in Australia or USA having Indian account. The capital raised from those migrant people will help the organization in funding the new manufacturing plant in India. According to Da Gbadji et al. (2015), 15.7% of Australian populations are Indian migrants, which can increase the scope of issuing Eurobonds in the country. Furthermore, 2.4 million people in USA are Indian migrant, which can also increase the scope of issuing Eurobond in the country. In this way, increasing migration rate from India can drive Dantata towards opting for this option. Furthermore, Kroes and Manikas (2014) opined flexible regulatory environment and low currency rate of India can help an Australian or USA organization towards issuing Eurobond in Indian currency. Therefore, Dantata can easily issue bonds for raising capital with lowest possible cost. Advantage and Disadvantage of Issuing Eurobond According to McLean and Zhao (2014), organizations have the opportunity to issue their Eurobond in the country of their own choice having favorable market condition. Investors would get greater security, as the Eurobond can be manageable for the issuer. Therefore, Dantata can encourage the Indian migrants towards purchasing such bonds. However, Kroes and Manikas (2014) argued that the lack of Fiscal discipline can often hamper the efficiency of issuing Eurobond. It can discourage Dantata towards issuing Eurobond. After selecting the country for issuing Eurobond, the organization requires selecting a lean manager underwriting the bonds policies. After that, the organization needs to organize the lead syndicate in the Indian market for negotiating the terms of bonds with the borrowers. Then, the organization can sale its bonds to the borrowers and set principle paying agent for receiving the interest from the borrowers. According to Bruton et al. (2015), interest rate sensitivity is the most influential sensitivity, which has greater influence on the selection of funding options and project execution. Equity shares and securities are most vulnerable in the interest rate sensitivity. In this case, increased interest rate of India can be harmful for Dantata, where the organization might have to pay quite more return as profit sharing than they have purchased them to the public. Increased interest rate can also impact on the bank loan financing option of the organization. In this case, the increased rate of interest will ultimately increase the overall cost of the organization, when it will pay the loan to the bank. On the other hand, Kroes and Manikas (2014) opined that economic fluctuation of the foreign country can also have huge influence on international project execution. Moreover, higher rate of inflation in the foreign market will enhance the commodity price needed for executing the construction of car manufacturing plant in India. Moreover, it will also impact the pricing policy of the organization, which will impact the funding options. Furthermore, Enomoto et al. (2015) pointed changes in investors sensitivity can also hamper the project execution of an organization in foreign market. Moreover, the low performance of the automotive industry can reduce the optimism level of the investors. In this way, the investors may be reluctant towards investing the shares, securities, bonds and others. Therefore, the organization may face issues in funding capitals for their new manufacturing plant preventing their project execution. Critical Risk for Project Execution Using Foreign Exchange Tseng et al. (2015) pointed out that an unfavorable turn of foreign exchange can hamper an international business, which can even lead the organization towards ending up with giving more to the shareholders and receiving less from them. While considering the funding options, it can be said that increased value of foreign currency may enhance the credit value of the investors after their share or bond purchase. Therefore, currency exchange has huge influence on the value of funding. Moreover, increased Indian currency rate often increase the credit level of the organization to the investors, which ultimately increase organizational cost and hamper in project execution of Dantata. On the other hand, Allen et al. (2014) opined that huge difference on foreign exchange rate can also create difficulties for the international organization in estimating their financial budget for longer period. Moreover, with the changes in foreign exchange rate, it becomes very difficult for the international organization towards paying for the business cost in native currency. In this way, Dantata will also face issues in paying for the project execution in its native currency. Therefore, changes in currency exchange will lead to huge problems in project execution. Furthermore, Fraser et al. (2015) stated that changes in currency fluctuation can also have huge impact on international organization in terms of calculating the estimating the profit level of the international business. Moreover, with increased currency exchange rate in India, Dantata will face increasing cost of business operation will impact on the profit level of the international business. Critical Risk for Project Execution Using Political Risk Political risk is the fundamental risk to every international business organization, which can impact on the project execution in international basis. Moreover, Kroes and Manikas (2014) opined that corruption in political environment of international country may hamper the project execution of international organizations. The international organizations can highly be under the influence of powerful political party, which can hamper the control of the organizations on their international project. Bruton et al. (2015) stated that Political clashes often lead to frequently changing government policies, which even influence the funding options as well as business operation. Furthermore, the international organizations can also face the issues in terms of getting assistance of government in operating business. Therefore, such political environment can also prevent the Dantata in executing the project in Indian market. Moreover, Indian government is less inclined to provide support to the automotive organizations. Therefore, Dantata will face risk of not getting government support from Indian government. Lantto (2014) pointed out that increased tax rate imposed by government on foreign business can also hamper project execution of international organization in international market. Moreover, increased tax rate imposed by Indian government on foreign subsidiaries can lead to risk for Dantata in regards to their construction of manufacturing plant. Furthermore, the changes in trade agreement of the country may be harmful for Dantata towards executing their business with high level of regulatory stringent. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that Dantata can have wide ranges of business finance options for constructing automotive manufacturing plant in Indian market. The organization can initially offer Initial Public Offering to the public for raising capital through issue shares to the public. Furthermore, the organization can also opt for bank loans for raising adequate capital for the new manufacturing plant. Moreover, the collateral free business loans offered by some Indian banks can drive the organization in opting for this finance options. The organization can also opt for equity financing, where it will issue share to the public in secondary market for raising capital. The strong stock market of India can also drive the organization in opting for this equity finance option. The industry growth of automobile industry has increased the optimism level of the investors towards purchasing the shares. Furthermore, the organization can also opt for private finance option for raising capital, where it will avail finance from the private lending organization when it will fail to get approval of loans from major financial institutions. Public deposit can also be an effective business finance option for the organization towards raising their capital. Unlike equity finance, the depositors of the organization will receive periodic interest on their deposited money. Apart from that, the organization can also opt for merger and acquisition and Eurobond for raising capital for their new manufacturing plant in India. Howeverm the organization will face issues in project execution in terms of sensitivities, currency exchange and political risk. Recommendation Recommendation for Dantata through SMART Objectives Specific Raising 60% capital through business finance options Choosing IPO, Bank loans, Equity Shares in constructing new manufacturing plants in India Selling 75% shares to the public for raising capital Measurable Calculating organizational capital is possible, which will measure 60% raised capital through selected business finance options The organization can easily track on the progress of negotiation with the shareholders and banks for raising capital from them Calculating share value from both IPO as well as equity share is possible, which will measure 75% sales of share to the public Achievable Raising 60% capital from different business finance options is challenging but it is achievable It needs proper effort from the organizational members towards convincing the banks in taking bank loans Effort is also required for proper issuing the shares to the public for encouraging them in purchasing those shares Selling 75% shares in also hard, but can be achievable by encouraging buyers of shares through proper presentation of companys financial status Realistic The goals of the organization for raising adequate capital is obviously realistic The organizational members needs completing all legal proceedings and proper presentation of companys inventory for getting approval of banks loans The members of the organization will also require attractive presentation of companys financial position for encouraging the buyers of share and Eurobonds Time-Bound The organization will raise its capital within next 1 year time period Table 1: Recommendation of Dantata for Raising Capital (Source: Created by Author) The above SMART table gives the recommendation to Dantata towards raising adequate capital for constructing and operating its new automobile manufacturing firm. In this recommendation, the organization will set Specific objectives for raising capital. In these objectives, the organization will raise 60% capital from difference business finance options, which required for constructing new manufacturing plant in India. Apart from that, the organization will choose IPO, equity share, Eurobonds and bank loans for raising this much of funds. Furthermore, the organization will sell 75% of its issues shares to the public. The objectives of the organization will be measurable, when raised capital and sold shares can be tracked and calculated. Furthermore, the objectives of the organization can be difficult, but these are achievable. It needs proper presentation of the companys inventory to the buyers of shares and banks towards selling shares and getting loans. On the other hand, the objecti ves are also realistic, with adequate effort from the organizational members towards attractively presenting companys financial position to the share buyers and banks for convincing them. Furthermore, the organization is recommended towards achieving these goals within 1 year of time bound. Reference List Alexander, G. J., Baptista, A. M., Yan, S. (2014). Bank regulation and international financial stability: A case against the 2006 Basel framework for controlling tail risk in trading books.Journal of International Money and Finance,43, 107-130. Allen, F., Hryckiewicz, A., Kowalewski, O., Tmer-Alkan, G. (2014). Transmission of financial shocks in loan and deposit markets: Role of interbank borrowing and market monitoring.Journal of Financial Stability,15, 112-126. Al-Najjar, B. (2013). The financial determinants of corporate cash holdings: Evidence from some emerging markets.International business review,22(1), 77-88. Altman, E. 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Alien Registration Records

Alien Registration Records Alien registration records are an excellent source of family history information on U.S. immigrants who were not naturalized citizens. Record Type: Immigration/Citizenship Location: United States Time Period: 1917-1918 and 1940-1944 What are Alien Registration Records?: Aliens (non-citizen residents) living in the United States were asked during two different historical periods to register with the U.S. Government. World War I Alien Registration RecordsFollowing the beginning of United States involvement in World War I, all resident aliens who had not been naturalized, were required, as a security measure, to register with the U.S. Marshal nearest their place of residence. A failure to register risked interment or possible deportation. This registration occurred between November 1917 and April 1918. WWII Alien Registration Records, 1940-1944The Alien Registration Act of 1940 (also known as the Smith Act) required the fingerprinting and registration of any alien age 14 and older living within or entering the United States. These records were completed from August 1, 1940 to March 31, 1944 and document over 5 million non-citizen residents of the United States during this period. What Can I Learn From Alien Registration Records?: 1917-1918: The following information was generally collected: Full name (including maiden name for females)Current residence and length of residencePlace of birthSpouse’s name and residenceChildren’s names, sex, and years of birthParents’ names (including maiden name for mother), birthdates, and birthplacesNames, dates of birth, and current residence of siblingsWhether any male relatives serving in the military for/against USWhether registered for selective draftPrevious military or government serviceDate of immigration, name of vessel and port of arrivalWhether naturalized in another country Whether reported/registered with a consul since 1 June 1914Whether applied for naturalization or took out first papers; if yes, when and whereWhether ever taken an oath of allegiance other than to the United StatesWhether ever arrested or detained on any chargeWhether held a permit to enter a forbidden areaSignaturePhotographDescription of registrantFull set of fingerprints 1940-1944: The two-page Alien Registration Form (AR-2) asked for the following information: NameName at time of entry to the USOther names usedAddressDate and place of birthCitizenship/NationalityGenderMarital statusRace Height WeightHair Eye ColorDate, port, vessel and class of admission of last arrival in USDate of first arrival in USNumber of years in the USUsual occupationPresent occupationName, address and business of present employerMembership in clubs, organizations or societiesDates and nature of military or naval serviceWhether citizenship papers were filed and if so the date, place, and courtNumber of relatives living in the USArrest record, including date, place and dispositionWhether or not affiliated with a foreign governmentSignatureFingerprintNot all registrants provided all information. Where Can I Get Alien Registration Records?: WWI Alien Registration files are scattered, and the majority are no longer extant. Existing files can often be found in state archives and similar repositories. Existing WWI alien registration records for Kansas; Phoenix, Arizona (partial); and St. Paul, Minnesota can be searched online. Other alien registration records are available in offline repositories, such as the 1918 Minnesota Alien Registration records at the Iron Range Research Center in Chisholm, MN. Check with your local or state genealogial society to learn what WWI alien registration records might be available for your area of interest. WWII Alien Registration (AR-2) files are available on microfilm from U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and can be obtained through a Genealogy Immigration Records Request. Unless you have the actual alien registration number from an alien registration card in your familys possession, or from a passenger list or naturalization document, you will want to begin by requesting a Genealogy Index Search. Important: Alien Registration Forms AR-2 are only available for A-numbers 1 million to 5 980 116, A6 100 000 to 6 132 126, A7 000 000 to 7 043 999, and A7 500 000 to 7 759 142. If the subject of your request was born less than 100 years before the date of your request, you are generally required to provide documentary proof of death with your request. This might include a death certificate, a printed obituary, a photograph of the tombstone, or other document demonstrating that the subject of your request is deceased. Please submit copies of these documents, not originals, as they will not be returned. Cost: Alien registration records (AR-2 forms) requested from USCIS cost $20.00, including shipping and photocopies. A genealogy index search is an additional $20.00. Please check the USCIS Genealogy Program for the most current pricing information. What to Expect: No two Alien Registration Records are alike, nor are specific answers or documents guaranteed to be in each case file. Not all aliens answered every question. Turn-around time to receive these records averages about three to five months, so prepare to be patient.

Using Proper English Pronunciation In The Theatre

Using Proper English Pronunciation In The Theatre Free Online Research Papers The stylistic effects of the divided lexicon in English are often used in literature in order to express ideas in unique way, to shape a character or to attract the reader’s attention to a certain part of the text. These effects became to possible due to the consequences of the Inkhorn movement during the Renaissance. The supporters of the Inkhorn movement believed that English language should be Latinized. As a consequence, many Latinized words entered the English vocabulary, but the Anglo-Saxon words also stayed within it. The difference between Anglo-Sacson words which are considered to be low (L) and Latinized words which are considered to be high (H) created two patterns in English. In spite of the efforts of the Latinization supporters (L) stayed to be the â€Å"natural† language of native speakers when (H) is used mainly on special occasions (Adamson 1989, p. 208). (L) is usually acquired by children as a first language, therefore the native speakers have more associations with it and they feel closer to it. When someone wants to ask his friend about his life he would say â€Å"How are you doing?† because the saying of â€Å"What is your emotional state?† would sound too official to the situation and even funny. (L) is the language of ordinary social conversations. Unlike (L), the (H) language is acquired in older age in schools and colleges, so it has less emotional charge attached to it. (H) is used mostly in literature, writing, official conversations and ceremonies (Adamson 1989, p. 206). The differences between (H) and (L) make it seem like they can be used only in entirely separate situations, but in fact, the combination of them can be very effective tool that is frequently used in literature. One of the effects that is made possible by using both is self-glossing – saying something, and then explaining it in different words to clarify the meaning. Sylvia Adamson (1989, p. 217) gives the next example to this effect: â€Å"Claribel, you’re incredible! Do you know what that means? It means you’re a very naughty dolly.† (Elizabeth W., aged 6) In this Example we can see how the clarity of the (H) word is achieved by explaining it in (L) words. Another effect that can be achieved by the combination of (L) and (H) is the comic effect. The use of (H) in situations where is usually used (L) and vice versa in most cases is unsuitable. For example the saying of a mother to her five year old child â€Å"approach towards me† instead of â€Å"come here† would seem to be inappropriate and comical. In many cases in literature the narrator feels the need to show a certain situation in positive or negative light. The mixing of (H) and (L) is also makes it possible as seen in the next example: Cassio: She’s a most exquisite lady Iago: And, I’ll warrant her, full of game†¦ (Othello 113-4) In this case Cassio describes the lady in (H) words, but Iago makes it lower and more vulgar by using (L) an it creates a negative view of her (Adamson 1989, p. 218). More examples for the effectiveness of the combined use of (L) and (H) can be seen in chapter 32 of George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch, characterizes Mr. Borthrop Trumbull in terms of : â€Å" He was an amateur of superior phrases, and never used poor language without immediately correcting himself†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . In this statement, we can see the sarcastic attitude of the narrator to this character. She describes him as one who shifts in his speech from (L) to (H), and in the narrator’s description of him we can se an echo of Mr. Trumbull’s speech manner. The description combines within it low words like â€Å"poor† and â€Å"never† together with high words like â€Å"amateur† or â€Å"superior†. It seems like the narrator makes fun of Mr. Trumbull by repeating his speech style and it shows that the narrator’s attitude to this character is not very respectful. The narrator’s description of Mr. Trumbull’s speech is proved to be truth further in the text. When (L) word like â€Å"ask† accidentally slips from his mouth, he immediately fixes it to â€Å"interrogate†. He is so obsessed by the â€Å"superior phrases† that he tries to make (H) phrase even higher than it is. For example when Mr. Trumbull says â€Å"..anybody may ask†, he immediately corrects himself by saying â€Å"Anybody may interrogate†, but this isn’t enough for him and he paraphrases the sentence again to â€Å"Any one may give their remarks an interrogative turn†. This obsession of his turns him to a comic character who is found in a constant run after a perfect language. He uses the self-glossing but in fact he glosses from (L) to (H) and saying the same things over and over again without a certain purpose. He tries to show himself as an educated person by using (H) but his repetitions are achieving the opposite, ironic effect and he looks funny and foolish . By using only superior language in his speech, Mr. Trumbull hopes to show himself as a scholarly person but we constantly see his slips to a low language that indicate that he is not really the man who he is trying to be. Another comic feature in Mr. Trumbull’s character is his use of high language in a simple conversation. The chat between him and Miss Garth is supposed to be a friendly talk, but he makes an effort to use high phrases like: â€Å"I think – he will not, in my opinion, be speedily surpassed†. This phrase is more appropriate to a lecture in university than to this situation and his inappropriate use of (H) make him seem amusing. From these examples taken from Middlemarch we can see how the narrator in the story shapes Mr. Borthrop Trumbull’s character trough his use of language in his speech. The combinations of high and low language and the shifting between the two styles from (L) to (H) give the writer the possibility to create a comic, character and to express her attitude to Mr. Trumbull. The ability to play with high and low styles in English language give the writers a powerful tool that allows them to shape their work on their own, unique way by showing the reader an unexpected side of a text, and creating comic situations in it. Research Papers on Using Proper English Pronunciation In The TheatreHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelQuebec and CanadaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

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Melanoma - Research Proposal Example Exposure to ultraviolet rays (UVA & UVB) rank as the most important factors for development of melanomas. This effected through DNA damage, specifically thymine dimerization leading to oncogenic mutations. It is well known that the incidence of melanoma in Queensland, Australia (50/100,000) is five times that of the UK (10,000), despite the fact that the nearly all cases in Australia occur in people of Scottish and Irish descent. This clearly points out to solar exposure as the prime factor in it causation. Although tanning beds (Berwick 507) and sunscreens have been implicated as a possible causative factor, no significant statistical evidence has been presented yet. Additional risk is also seen in red-headed and fair-skinned people, people with multiple dysplastic or atypical naevi, and in a condition called congenital giant melanocytic naevi. 1. Germline Mutations : Apart from the fact that melanoma clusters can be seen in certain families, and melanoma-prone families are well known to have mutations in CDKN2A, CDK4 and other genes. The p16 gene mutation has also been reported in over 25% of familial melanomas worldwide, as well as in about 10 % of sporadic melanomas. It has a low degree of penetrance, and it is likely that sporadic melanoma has a complex pattern of inheritance. Melanoma also has an association with various cancer family syndromes, most notably pancreatic cancer, but also in breast, throat and gastro-intestinal cancers. 2. Somatic mutations : A genetic progression model of the step-by-step transformation of precursor lesions (naevi) to melanomas, or the stages of melanoma progression itself have shown that there are important genetic loci where were changes accumulate. They are mostly due to loss of chromosomal material on multiple loci : chromosomes 1,3,6,9,10,11 and 17 being particularly affected. Somatic mutations on the BRAF gene has also been described in up to 60 % of melanomas. 3. The genetics of the at-risk phenotype : Over the past two decades, as it has become clearer that the fair skin-type and high naevus counts are powerful predictors of melanoma, the hunt for susceptible genes in these at-risk phenotypes has begun. In addition, the propensity to get

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Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay

Development Of Milk And Dairy Sector In Georgia Marketing Essay The purpose of the research was to identify the obstacle and barriers which discourage milk and dairy sector in Georgia. Through interviews with experienced people in this field and deep research, the main problems will be ascertained. First I define the current situation in Georgia including Georgian breeds of cows, organizations and projects involved in this sector and the opinion of experienced people about current situation. I gathered information from Danish, Swiss, Indian and American dairy sector reports, which gave the helped me to identify what necessary factors of successful milk sector lacks Georgia. At the end of the research implementation and best possible recommendations and will be offered. INTRODUCTION It has been a long time since milk became an everyday product for humans. Today milk is consumed by many people in their everyday lives and milk production is high in order to satisfy demand. Milk is high in nutritional value; it is a great source of essential Vitamins that are vital to the human organism. Many dairy products are made from milk such as butter, ice-cream, cheese, cottage cheese, flavored milk drinks, yogurt, and cream and so on. Georgia faces some problems with milk production. The local fresh milk is available only seasonally (from April till October), in Winter only imported powdered milk from Ukraine or Belarus is accessible. Another problem is degeneration of thoroughbred cows; they are mixed with local mongrel cows, which results in fewer productivity. Cows in Georgia usually produce two to three tones of milk in a year, comparison to European cows it is twice smaller number. Georgia has a great potential to flourish this sector, but it is not used properly. Some investment, regulatory rules and support from foreign organizations and Ministry of Agriculture is necessary to solve the obstacles and develop milk production sector in Georgia. Many organization are involved in expand the dairy sector and also couple of projects take place, in order give support to local milk producers. FROM FARM TO TABLE 1.1 Cows and lactation process Cows, our main source of milk, produce about four to seven tons of milk each year. The quantity of milk produced by a cow depends on its weight and its diet. Usually a cow weights from 380 to 720 kilograms and produces 12 times its weight of milk each year. A standard cow eats about 770 kilograms of grain, 1 200 kilograms of grass and hay, 2 800 kilograms of silage and drinks about eight gallons of water every day. Everyday a cow needs to eat more than 2 kilograms of hay and grain which contain essential minerals, vitamins and corn. In order to produce a high quantity of milk, a cow must drink water. Farmers use special milking machines twice in a day. It is necessary for every cow to get milked because once their udders are full they start to feel uncomfortable. Milk must be refrigerated after in order to keep it fresh. Milk producers keep milk refrigerated approximately one to two days after which it is loaded on trucks. Special trucks take it to the factory where it is processed. This is where milk is divided into cream and skim milk and is standardized by the fat content. Milk is delivered to the factory from different farms and thus levels of fat vary. The process of differentiating the milk by the amount of fat is called standardization. The level of fat determines the value of the milk and hence the salary of the farmer. In order to enhance the nutritional value of milk, factories add Vi tamin D and Vitamin A (good for strong teeth and bones). This process is called fortification. The next step is packaging and delivering the milk to stores, where it is also kept in the refrigerators to keep it fresh and cool. Then milk has to be pasteurized to kill and remove the harmful bacteria. This is done by heating it to more than 70 (Celsius) degrees and after 15 seconds suddenly cooling it to 2-3 Celsius, which is its normal storing temperature. After pasteurization and cooling, milk undergoes a process called homogenization, where milk is forced through tiny openings under high pressure. The homogenization process is necessary for breaking down the fatty drops of cream, so every globule of milk will have the same level of cream and the cream will not float on the top of the milk. This whole action from standardization to pasteurization is called processing. Milk producers usually test milk for its water level, fat content and the percentage of bacteria. Water usually is not added to milk. However, sometimes it happens that water from machinery is mixed in with milk by chance. The quality of milk is determined by processing and also on the food intake of the cow. The quantity, quality and flavor o f the milk depend on the food which is eaten by the cow. The main components of milk are 87% water, 4% lipid, 5% lactose (carbohydrate), 3.3% protein and 0.7% minerals. But these numbers can vary depending on the cow breed, its diet and the phase of lactation. Although levels of components vary in milks, different kinds of milk can be stored together in the same tanks. 1.2 Milk process model (Based on Cornell University model) 1.3 Condition of lactation Until lactation the farmer has to make sure that the udder, the flanks and the teats of the milk producing animal are clean. Her udder has to be washed and massaged with a warm detergent sanitizer solution. To decrease infectivity, the first flow of milk from each teat has to be separated from other streams of milk because this flow includes all the organisms that entered the teat while it was opening. It is dangerous, when the producing animal has an infected udder, it might hold numerous, potentially harmful, organisms. In such a case, it is likely, that there will be harmful diseases. One of the most hazardous diseases is called Mastitis, which can add numerous organisms in milk. Farmers have to pay careful attention that the cow is milked until the udder is empty because if some milk remains in the udder it will spoil. Milk usually spoils when microorganisms generate noxious and degraded proteins, fat of milk and carbohydrates. The farmer or the personal responsible for lactation of the milk producing animal has to be in good health condition. Hands have to be washed carefully with special bactericidal solution and the nails have to be kept away from dirt. They have to have a clean handkerchief, a surgical mask and wear neat and clean uniforms. Following protocol is obligatory in order to prevent milk from epidemics and harmful diseases, for the personal or the farmer may be carrier of such infections or diseases. The main milk viruses are brucellosis, tuberculosis and Q fever. However there are also other, infrequent, bacteria and diseases found in milk such as pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, streptococcal infections, and anthrax and so on. 1.4 Milk Powder Powder can be manufactured from milk which has much longer lifecycle than fresh milk does. The powder manufacturing process consists of subtracting water from milk at the lowest possible cost under strict hygiene settings. The 87 percent of water which milk contains is removed by boiling it at low temperature and keeping it under reduced pressure. Approximately thirteen kilograms of milk powder can be produced one hundred liters of milk. In order to liquidate milk, it must be mixed with water. Like normal milk, liquidated milk powder must be refrigerated in order to keep it fresh. One of the main reasons why powder is manufactured is the ease of bulk transportation. It is also cheaper than fresh milk. Fresh milk cannot be transported easily for long distances. For example, if in Georgia there is a shortage of milk; neighboring countries (Ukraine or Belarus) do not export fresh milk because it spoils easily during transportation. It is obvious for everyone, that fresh milk tastes bett er and is healthier than powdered milk. The level of fat in powdered milk is almost zero and it may not be fortified with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. GEORGIA 2.1 Current situation in Georgia In 1993, the population of the area presently under the control of the Georgian Government was some 4.8Â  million. In 2005, the number had decreased to less than 4.3Â  million, but the decrease in population has not affected the urban and rural areas equally. The decrease in the rural population was only some 100,000 people, 20% of the total decrease and less than half of what would have been expected. One of the reasons for this is that when the economy fell and jobs were lost, many Georgians returned to their original rural areas and engaged in agriculture as a survival strategy. Georgia is a mountainous country in which the development of livestock production started long ago. It has always been an important part of the agriculture sector and of the national economy in general. Farmers raised cattle, pigs and chicken in the lowlands, while in the highlands sheep farms were the major source of income for many households. The transition has significantly affected the livestock sector in Georgia. During the social unrest in 1992-93 the number of livestock sharply decreased. These numbers began to increase after 1995. Subsistence farmers diversify their production. They usually own milk producing cows, pigs and a few chickens. Milk, meat and eggs are produced for both home consumption and for sale. The daily cash income of rural households largely depends on the sale of livestock products, especially milk, cheese and meat. The interest of certain companies in the private sector in livestock production has increased over the past 15 years which has increased the use of feed crops in Georgia, especially maize and barley. A rapid increase in maize production following Georgias land privatization policies in the mid-1990s is a direct result of the private sectors interest in livestock. 2.2 Herds of cows in Georgia Most herds of cows in Georgia are a mixed breed in origin. There are a number of different breeds that are commonly identified. The major livestock breeds are: Caucasian mountain breed; Megrelain breed; Caucasian Brown breed, Russian Red breed, Black White Russian Friesian breed and Jercy breed. The Caucasian Mountain breed is predominantly found in North-East Georgia and is considered as a small breed. It weighs approximately 275 kg and produces low quantities of milk. This bread is used for mostly for meat production. The Megrelain breed, mostly found in the valley and mountains in the West Georgia, is also a small breed. However, these cows produce more milk than does the Caucasian mountain breed. It produces approximately 500 to 1 500 liters per lactation, depending on the supplementary food that is given to the producing animal. It has a reddish or brownish coat and weights about 300 kilograms. The Caucasian Brown breed produces significantly more milk than both the Megrelian b reed and the Caucasian Mountain breed. These cows are the offspring of Brown Swiss bulls with the local breeds. They weigh about 500 kilograms and produce from 2 500 to 3000 liters per lactation. The Caucasian Brown breed is a great milk and meat source. Currently most Caucasian brown breeds are producing offspring with local breeds and so, over time, if this trend continues the Caucasian Brown breed may no longer have its genetically superior qualities. Another large breed is the Russian Red breed which weights from 450 to 500 kilograms and can produce from 4 000 to 5000 liters of milk. However, similar to the Caucasian Brown breed, it is breeding with local bulls, which will cause the degradation of the original breed. The Black and White Russian Friesian breed, another large quantity milk source, produces 3 000 to 5 000 liters of milk per lactation. However, this breed is so small in number that it is in danger of becoming extinct. The Jercy breed is originally from Denmark and w as brought to Georgia by UMOCR and financed by USDA in 2002. They were sent to two locations; Sagarejo and Signagi. However, pregnant Jercy cows in Sagarejo had adaptation related problems and did not survive. In contrast, the Jercy cow breeds in Signagi have successfully adapted to their new environment and have increased in number since 2002. The Jercy breed is can produce more milk than local breeds can and its milk has higher levels of fat; approximately 4 to 5 percent. Georgian farmers stated that the average milk yield was around 1,200 kg per cow. However, statistical data in the country and by region and district indicates that the average milk yield varied around 1,000 kg. 2.3 Ascertaining the problems through interview #1 Zurab Tskitishvili, director of a milk production factory and a highly experienced man in this field, agreed to give an interview and share his opinion about the current situation in Georgia concerning milk production, issues regarding livestock, and certain unsolved problems. According to Mr.Tskitishvili Georgian livestock production is below its maximum potential capacity. He stated that, livestock producers lack incentives to produce for large markets because of the absence of reliable supply chains for their products. They predominantly continue to produce at near subsistence levels, with low productivity. At the same time, the larger scale Georgian manufacturers of livestock products are not purchasing the amount of raw materials from Georgian livestock farmers that they could be purchasing. He states that, they could tap into the growing urban markets if they decide to invest the time and money. They face formidable challenges and risks in the development of effective supply ch ains for livestock products. They also face challenges associated with high interest rates and aggressive international competition. Faced with these costs and uncertainties, processors have opted to satisfy most of their demand by importing milk powder. According to Mr.Tskitishvili the effect of these constraints is that the supply chain for the main livestock products is dysfunctional. For farmers, it means that their considerable capital asset in the form of livestock is performing far below its potential, leading directly to severe financial difficulties. Nevertheless, there is an opportunity to supply the urban markets with fresh Georgian-sourced products. Most manufacturers of dairy and meat products confirm that Georgian consumers show a distinct preference for such products, which can easily be sold to them when the necessary supply chains are established. The statistics on agriculture in Georgia are not very reliable since most production comes from farms that consume all or most what they produce. However, estimates show a cattle population of some 1.1 million heads, with slowly rising figures. Milk production reached 700,000 tons of milk in 2001, which is insufficient for the Georgian milk and dairy demand. Self-sufficiency is about 60-65% and the remaining milk products are imported. Average yields are not more than 1,000 1,300 kg/cow per year. These low yields are a result of the loss of the former markets, the undeveloped infrastructure and the lack of support services, such as veterinary services, advisory services, artificial insemination and inputs supply (quality seeds and fertilizers). Many farmers are stuck in a low input low-output trap and domestic production suffers from import competition. The decayed state of the irrigation and drainage systems is also a major constraint to increasing (crop) yields and the competitive ness of domestic production with imports. Moreover, a lack of monitoring of the food intake of cows is also a prevalent problem in Georgia. While Georgia is not a heavily polluted country, the garbage disposal system is poor in some areas. Therefore there is sometimes garbage lying around for cows to eat. Certain cow milk does not meet Georgias food safety and quality standards due to the diet of the cow. In order to increase good quality milk production, it is necessary to strictly monitor what cows are eating. If the government were to establish a good garbage disposal system in these regions then cows would only have access to healthy food Electricity is sometimes not available in certain regions, making it difficult to install milking equipment and cooling tanks in those areas. Fodder production and conservation is difficult because of the lack of farm machinery and good seeds. The lack of farm machinery increases dependence on desirable weather conditions which are beyond the control of cattle grazers and farmers. Concentrates are expensive in relation to the price of milk. Milk production is highly dependent on natural grazing, which combined with spring-calving, causes high seasonal fluctuations in milk production. This is again reflected in the price of milk, which varies from around 25 Tetri/kg (25 Tetri is equivalent to 10 Euro cents) in summer to 45 Tetri/kg in winter. Grain can be sold for 55-60 Tetri/kg in winter. The quantity of animal food products produced within Georgia does not meet the Georgian populations demand for these products. In 2005, (the latest statistical data available) the total milk production in Georgia was 788,000 tons or about 65% higher than 1995. During the same period, per capita milk consumption increased from 146 kg to 238 kg or a 63% increase, while imports increased from 228,000 tons to 268,000 tons or an increase of 12.6%. The majority of the increase in total milk consumption was covered by local production, thus reducing dependency on imports and increasing the self-sufficiency ratio from 68% in 1995 to 75% in 2005. The increase in total milk production was mainly due to an increased number of cows. The main reason for low productivity is the short lactation period (250 to 280 days) and the lack of quality winter feed. During the winter cows are generally not milked. They are mainly fed straw and in some cases with hay. Grass is cut late in the summer when it has already lost its nutritional value. The production of fodder crops is limited by the scarcity of the arable land and lack of irrigation. Milk production from cows can be greatly improved by better nutrition management and health control. 2.4 Ascertaining the management of cow feed through interview #2 After the interview, it became obvious that cow food intake is an unresolved problem. Ia Mirazanshvili, a representative of GRM international, discussed in an interview the details of managing cow feed. She works for GRM international, which is leading international development Management Company specializing in the provision of project design, management expertise and technical assistance to development projects for bilateral and multilateral funding agencies, governments and corporations. GRM international is starting a new project in Georgia which will be based on dairy sector development. Ia Mirazanshvili provided me with the current information and future development strategy regarding feed production. About twelve years ago 260,000ha were used for the production of 516,000 tons of cereals, which represented 36% of the local consumption. In 2005, the total land for cereal production increased to 355,000 ha or by 35.6 %, which resulted in the total production of 703,000 tons, cov ering 49% of the local consumption. One third of the total production, 332.000 tons, was used for feed and two thirds for direct consumption by population. According to statistics from the Office of the Ministry of Agriculture, since 2007 farmers interest in cereal production has significantly declined due to an unfavorable domestic price. In 2005/2006 production of maize amounted to 421,000 tons, half of which was used for animal feed. The self-sufficiency ratio in maize is between 97 percent and 100 percent. In the country, there is only one feed mill located in Marneuli, some 40 km south of Tbilisi. The mill is owned by the Dogan Company from Turkey. It has a capacity of 1 t/h of feed for fish and 5 t/h of feed for cattle. The information on the total volume of feed sold in one year is not available. The mill is not equipped with an analytical laboratory or quality control system. There are no tariff or non-tariff barriers for the importation of compound feed. The majority of sma ll to medium-sized farms do not use compound feed. However, in view of the expected increase in meat consumption (in 2005 per capita meat consumption was 32,5 kg compared with 29 kg in 1995, a 12% increase) and the necessary changes in pig production systems, Mrs. Mirazanshvili assumes that the demand for compound feed, particularly for monogastric animals would increase in the near future. As for the livestock sector, improvement of the local market for locally produced milk and dairy products, stabilization of prices close to their present levels and an increase in milk yields per cow could have a positive impact on demand for milk replacements for calves and on the consumption of compound feed for dairy cattle. Although there is a limited (niche) market for quality beef, it is difficult to assume that cereal based beef production will play an important role in the cattle sector of Georgia. The future development of the feed industry in the country will greatly depend on the level of self-sufficiency in cereals, and the world market prices of cereals and other imported components. It may be assumed that the consumption of cereals for feed production would increase parallel with an increased yield from cereals presently very low at 2.0 tons/ha to a higher level, which should be attainable in the local agro-climatic conditions and improved agronomy. 2.5 Organizations involved in improvements of Georgias milk sector From the interview with her it became obvious that this field is considered an important field by many Georgian and foreign organizations. GRM international along with NGOs and other prominent organizations are involved in the Georgian dairy industry. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA), through its implementing agency OPTO International, is managing the ongoing Support to the Milk and Dairy Sector in Georgia project. This project has developed three main components the mobilization and capacity building of small dairy farmers/householders and development of supply chains for milk and dairy products; the establishment of an industry association, the Dairy Industry Promotion Association (DIPA); and improved Food Safety information. The World Bank (WB) is currently preparing a Livestock Development Programme. The formulation report for this project has been presented and the project design is to be discussed in July. UMCOR has carried out agricultural projects in Georg ia since 1997. Although they are not engaged in any project currently, they are assessing potential projects in two regions; Shida Kartli and Samtskhe Javakheti. In both regions they are conducting soil tests and looking at farmer association opportunities. The Georgian Ministry of Agriculture and Food (MAF) imported 10,000 doses of semen from Worldwide Sires in the US (Brown Swiss, Jersey and Holstein), of which 3,000 doses, mainly Jersey, are left. MAF are in the process of importing 500 in-calf heifers (300 Brown Swiss and 200 Holstein). They are planning to distribute up to 30 animals to individual farmers (2,000 Euro per cow). GTZ have their Developing Agrarian Sector project, which has been operating for the past two years. This assists MAF in developing their Food Quality and Safety standards. They have two pilot regions: Samtskhe Javakheti for beef production and Shida Kartli for fruit production. In addition, GTZ ran the Business Development Programme in Borjomi a Regional Development Initiative project with US$ 3.5 million funding from BTC Partners (BP), which ended at the end of 2008. The project was established for a year and a half, concentrating increasing milk production from cows and honey production from bees. They have 1,300 farmers with 5,000 cows, all of which have been registered and ear-tagged. Animal health is a key component of the project; 30% of cow blood samples have been taken and tested. 2.5 SWOT analysis The genetic straits of milk producing cattle in Georgia are problematic in establishing a thriving dairy industry. In order to move one step forward, the genetics of cows in Georgia needs to be improved. Only certain types of cow breeds can produce desirable quantities of milk to fuel a large dairy industry. We can assume that genetic improvement should be an integral and essential element of a complete strategy and national program for dairy development. Perhaps the development of the cattle sub-sector in Georgia could be a part of the solution. Potentials and constraints are summarized in the SWOT analysis above. Defining breeding objectives (e.g. assessment of the market and the future demand for products, increased milk production, type of milk required, desired characteristics of cattle with regard to production systems and methods, etc) is the first step towards the treatment and development of the sub-sector. This should be done by farmers on local levels and coordinated at th e level of the state. SWOT Analysis of Current Production Systems Strengths a) High demand for milk and milk products: in 2005, the country imported 268,000 tons of milk (mainly milk powder) or 25% of the total milk consumption; b) Growing per capita consumption of milk: from 146 kg in 1995 to 238 kg in 2005; c) Nutritional habits of the population and a diet that includes daily consumption of cheese (particularly local types such as Sulguni and Imeruli) and fermented products; d) More than sufficient numbers of cows: in 2007, there were about 700.000 milking cows; e) 276,000 he of pasture land. Weaknesses a) Low productivity of cows about 1000 kg; b) Poor and inadequate nutrition, particularly during the winter; c) Short lactation period 250 to 280 days; d) Poor management of dairy cows and inadequate housing; e) Lack of sanitary control and inadequate veterinary support (TBC, brucellosis, mastitis); f) Difficult access to credit; g) Lack of extension service support; h) Poor rural roads and difficulties in sale of liquid milk to processors; i) Orientation of processors to use reconstituted milk for the production of fermented products. j) Lack of legislation and regulatory measures governing animal production and genetic improvement (food law, animal production laws and regulations). Opportunities a) Meeting the existing demand: local market can absorb 30 to 40 percent higher quantities of locally produced milk and milk products; b) Improved productivity, utilization and management of pastures and meadows (e.g. re-seeding, fertilization, mechanization, conservation of hay and grass silage); c) Increased production of food crops by rational utilization of land and water resources, including use of fallow and temporarily uncultivated land and rehabilitation of irrigation systems; d) Improved utilization of the existing genetic resources by better nutrition, housing, health care and management including separation of males from cows, use of healthy and licensed bulls for natural mating and use of locally produced and imported semen for selected best cows as potential bull mothers; e) Development of market and profit-oriented breeding objectives (e.g. increase in milk yield per cow, increase in slaughter weight of beef, decrease in the total number of cows) and of producer driven, owned and managed breeding programs aimed at genetic improvement through identification of animals, establishment of recording of productive and functional traits, genetic evaluation, use of the best local and imported bulls for natural mating and A.I. including the establishment of herd books of nucleus (elite) national herds of selected breeds and of the improved technical and business cooperation with European and world breed associations; f) Functional cooperatives and producers associations with their own extension and marketing services including milk collection centers established within the framework of development assistance projects with potential of spillover effects. g) Improved institutional framework (producers associations, commercial organization, extension, veterinary care, research) and human resources (training of farmers and technicians, international technical and commercial cooperation) in support of the attainment of policy, production and breeding objectives. h) Approval of legislative measures related to animal production, protection of consumers and safety of food; Threats a) Substantial decline in world prices of milk powder and butter; this may lead to an increase in import of skimmed milk for reconstitution and production of fermented products from imported material; b) Further decline in genetic potential and production capacity due to inbreeding and uncontrolled mating within herds and nahiri (group of animals from a village or from several owners grazing communal pastures); c) Further increase in number of cows with low genetic potential in reply to increased demand for milk and the lack of cows with higher genetic potential; d) Overgrazing of existing public pastures by an increased number of cattle; e) Outbreak of diseases and their spread throughout of the country due to inadequate control of movements of animals and the lack of existence of systems for identification and registration of animals and cattle keeping holdings. 2.6 Risk Analysis The Terms of Reference highlighted a number of risk factors that may affect the project accomplishment. An evaluation of these factors has been made during the Inception Phase with the following findings: Factor Risk Economic growth Economic crisis, low or negative growth Public finance Budget limits restricting Georgian partner responsibility Quality of public Corruption administration Agricultural development Policy mistakes, for example re-collectivization Dairy Sector Growth Stagnant raw milk supply; stagnant consumer demand Stalled reform of rich countries Continued export subsidies, low international powder agricultural and trade policies, prices especially as to expert subsidies Worsening of South Ossetian Refusal of Ossetian and Georgian work together security Conflict problems III. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In Georgia, 80% of milk is produced in the spring and summer, although demand for dairy products is greatest in the winter. Provided farmers can manage the additional husbandry, milking cows over winter is more profitable, as the winter price is usually twice or even three times that of the summer price. The SMDSP Project has been implementing a winter milk program including three activities. These include: planting of forage crops in each village, autumn calving, and special winter feed demonstrations, including trials and cost benefit analyses in concentrate usage and for the future silage maize. The lack of forage (hay and silage) is a major factor for promoting the seasonal calving during the spring. To extend the lactation period through year-round calving, the Project is promoting protection of forage crops through forage demonstrations in each Dairy Farmer Association (DFA). The planting and harvesting of forage crops is managed by the members of the DFA, who benefit from the output of the demonstrations. There is evi